Design and implementation of Hybrid Renewable energy (PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery) Microgrids for rural areas.

Mohamed  M G Almihat; Mohamed MTE Kahn

doi:10.51646/jsesd.v12i1.151

Authors

MG Almihat Centre for Distributed Power and Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
MTE Kahn Centre for Distributed Power and Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v12i1.151

Keywords:

Microgrid, renewable energy, energy storage system, energy management system, perturb & observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT), TYPHOON HILL

Abstract

This study examines the variation in sensitivity of a microgrid system comprised of photovoltaics, wind turbines, diesel engines, and batteries. The primary objective is to increase our knowledge of renewable energy resources (RERs) and their technical and economic factors in the context of the conceptual design of a microgrid system. The investigation employs Typhoon HIL software for simulation and testing, concentrating on hybrid PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery systems and devising a perturb & observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy. Additionally, the study investigates the Optimal Power Controlling MPPT technique and the development and implementation of hybrid renewable energy resources (HRES). The Typhoon HIL system is utilized in the power, automotive, and aerospace industries, among others, to simulate and test control systems in real-time. This study presents a control strategy for a microgrid system that combines renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power with reserve power options such as diesel generators and batteries. The coordinated control technique is implemented by employing a centralized control method, effectively managing the flow of electricity from diverse distributed energy resources (DER) and ensuring the microgrid's stability. The findings indicated that the coordinated control method and dynamic models could be utilized to design and optimize microgrid systems. Future research can concentrate on refining the accuracy of the models and verifying the proposed coordinated control method in microgrid systems that operate in the real world.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

E. I. C. Zebra, H. J. van der Windt, G. Nhumaio, and A. P. C. Faaij, ‘A review of hybrid renewable energy systems in mini-grids for off-grid electrification in developing countries’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 144, p. 111036, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111036

I. D. Ibrahim et al., ‘A review on Africa energy supply through renewable energy production: Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana and South Africa as a case study’, Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 38, p. 100740, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2021.100740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100740

N. Salehi, H. Martínez-García, and G. Velasco-Quesada, ‘Networked Microgrid Energy Management Based on Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Clustering’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 13, Art. no. 13, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15134915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134915

T. Adefarati, G. D. Obikoya, A. K. Onaolapo, and A. Njepu, ‘Design and analysis of a photovoltaic-battery-methanol-diesel power system’, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 31, no. 3, p. e12800, 2021, doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12800

E. R. Frederiks, K. Stenner, and E. V. Hobman, ‘The Socio-Demographic and Psychological Predictors of Residential Energy Consumption: A Comprehensive Review’, Energies, vol. 8, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.3390/en8010573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en8010573

D. C. Reddy, S. Satyanarayana, and V. Ganesh, ‘Design of Hybrid Solar Wind Energy System in a Microgrid with MPPT Techniques’, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp730-740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp730-740

C. Mokhtara, B. Negrou, N. Settou, B. Settou, and M. M. Samy, ‘Design optimization of off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems considering the effects of building energy performance and climate change: Case study of Algeria’, Energy, vol. 219, p. 119605, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119605

T. Afolabi and H. Farzaneh, ‘Optimal Design and Operation of an Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Nigeria’s Rural Residential Area, Using Fuzzy Logic and Optimization Techniques’, Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 4, Art. no. 4, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/su15043862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043862

I. Sofimieari, M. Mustafa, and F. Obite, ‘Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for rural electrification in Nigeria’, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1468–1477, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.11591/eei.v8i4.1608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i4.1608

S. Arefin, ‘Design and demonstration of an islanded hybrid microgrid for an enormous motel with the appropriate solicitation of superfluous energy by using iHOGA and matlab’, International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1002/er.6184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6184

S. K. Mishra, S. K. Bhuyan, and P. V. Rathod, ‘Performance analysis of a hybrid renewable generation system connected to grid in the presence of DVR’, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 101700, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2022.101700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101700

O. Mohammed, M. Kharrich, and M. Kharrich, ‘Design of Hybrid Microgrid PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery System: Case Study for Rabat and Baghdad’, pp. 1–9, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.162692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.162692

A. I. M. Ali and H. R. A. Mohamed, ‘Improved P&O MPPT algorithm with efficient open-circuit voltage estimation for two-stage grid-integrated PV system under realistic solar radiation’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 137, p. 107805, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107805

M. Asim, P. Agrawal, M. Tariq, and B. Alamri, ‘MPPT-based on Bat algorithm for photovoltaic systems working under partial shading conditions’, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1–9, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3233/JIFS-189754. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-189754

A. Harrison, E. M. Nfah, J. de Dieu Nguimfack Ndongmo, and N. H. Alombah, ‘An Enhanced P&O MPPT Algorithm for PV Systems with Fast Dynamic and Steady-State Response under Real Irradiance and Temperature Conditions’, International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2022, p. e6009632, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/6009632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6009632

S. Salman, X. AI, and Z. WU, ‘Design of a P-&-O algorithm based MPPT charge controller for a stand-alone 200W PV system’, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 25, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1186/s41601-018-0099-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-018-0099-8

S. Ishwarya, D. Janani, R. Shadika, and M. Sureka, ‘BAT algorithm based MPPT technique for bidirectional converter in photovoltaic system under partial shading condition’, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 1979, no. 1, p. 012064, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012064

K. Jain, M. Gupta, and A. Bohre, ‘Implementation and Comparative Analysis of P&O and INC MPPT Method for PV System’, in 2018 8th IEEE India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE), Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/IICPE.2018.8709519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IICPE.2018.8709519

M. I. Munir, T. Aldhanhani, and K. H. Al Hosani, ‘Control of Grid Connected PV Array Using P&O MPPT Algorithm’, 2017 Ninth Annual IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech), pp. 52–58, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1109/GreenTech.2017.14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenTech.2017.14

A. Ayang, M. Saad, R. Wamkeue, and M. Ouhrouche, ‘Modeling, P&O MPPT and PI controls and performance analysis of PV/Energy storage hybrid power system’, in 2018 4th International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC), Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/REDEC.2018.8597744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/REDEC.2018.8597744

R. A. Ufa, Y. Y. Malkova, V. E. Rudnik, M. V. Andreev, and V. A. Borisov, ‘A review on distributed generation impacts on electric power system’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 47, pp. 20347–20361, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.142

E. Buraimoh, A. O. Aluko, O. E. Oni, and I. E. Davidson, ‘Decentralized Virtual Impedance- Conventional Droop Control for Power Sharing for Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources of a Microgrid’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 12, Art. no. 12, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15124439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124439

J. Jasiński, M. Kozakiewicz, and M. Sołtysik, ‘Determinants of Energy Cooperatives’ Development in Rural Areas—Evidence from Poland’, Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14020319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020319

H.-J. Lee, B. H. Vu, R. Zafar, S.-W. Hwang, and I.-Y. Chung, ‘Design Framework of a Stand-Alone Microgrid Considering Power System Performance and Economic Efficiency’, Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14020457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020457

H. A. Muqeet et al., ‘Sustainable Solutions for Advanced Energy Management System of Campus Microgrids: Model Opportunities and Future Challenges’, Sensors, vol. 22, no. 6, Art. no. 6, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22062345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062345

M. M. Iqbal, I. A. Sajjad, M. F. Nadeem Khan, R. Liaqat, M. A. Shah, and H. A. Muqeet, ‘Energy Management in Smart Homes with PV Generation, Energy Storage and Home to Grid Energy Exchange’, in 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), Jul. 2019, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1109/ICECCE47252.2019.8940684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCE47252.2019.8940684

H. A. U. Muqeet and A. Ahmad, ‘Optimal Scheduling for Campus Prosumer Microgrid Considering Price Based Demand Response’, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 71378–71394, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987915

R. Zhang and B. Hredzak, ‘Distributed Dynamic Clustering Algorithm for Formation of Heterogeneous Virtual Power Plants Based on Power Requirements’, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 192–204, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2020.3020163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3020163

M. S. Alam, ‘Power Management for Distributed Generators Integrated System’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 16, Art. no. 16, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15165813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165813

M. Khalid, ‘A Review on the Selected Applications of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids’, Energies, vol. 12, no. 23, Art. no. 23, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.3390/en12234559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234559

X. Luo, J. V. Barreras, C. L. Chambon, B. Wu, and E. Batzelis, ‘Hybridizing Lead–Acid Batteries with Supercapacitors: A Methodology’, Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14020507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020507

M. Louzazni, D. T. Cotfas, and P. A. Cotfas, ‘Management and Performance Control Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic Energy Storage System under Variable Solar Irradiation’, Energies, vol. 13, no. 12, Art. no. 12, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13123043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123043

F. Yin, C. Wang, and W. Wang, ‘Adaptive Sliding-Mode Control for Electric Spring in Microgrids with Distributed Renewable Energy’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 1–15, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134842

X. Yan, L. Yang, and T. Li, ‘The LVRT Control Scheme for PMSG-Based Wind Turbine Generator Based on the Coordinated Control of Rotor Overspeed and Supercapacitor Energy Storage’, Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1–22, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020518

T. Tricarico, J. A. Costa, D. Herrera, E. Galván-Díez, J. M. Carrasco, and M. Aredes, ‘Total Frequency Spread: A New Metric to Assess the Switching Frequency Spread of FCS-MPC’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 14, pp. 1–20, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145273

H. A. Young, M. A. Perez, J. Rodriguez, and H. Abu-Rub, ‘Assessing Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control: A Comparison with a Linear Current Controller in Two-Level Voltage Source Inverters’, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 44–52, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1109/MIE.2013.2294870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIE.2013.2294870

D. Razmi and T. Lu, ‘A Literature Review of the Control Challenges of Distributed Energy Resources Based on Microgrids (MGs): Past, Present and Future’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 13, Art. no. 13, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15134676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134676

L. A. Aloo, P. K. Kihato, S. I. Kamau, and R. S. Orenge, ‘Modeling and control of a photovoltaic-wind hybrid microgrid system using GA-ANFIS’, Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 4, p. e14678, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14678

S. Pal and K. B. Sahay, ‘Modeling of Solar Energy Grid Integration System Using Typhoon HIL’, in 2018 International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON), Mar. 2018, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/IEECON.2018.8712253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEECON.2018.8712253

T. A. Olaleye, L. Olatomiwa, O. M. Longe, and K. E. Jack, ‘An energy management scheme for hybrid energy system using Fuzzy Logic Controller’, Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, vol. 20, no. 1, Art. no. 1, May 2023, doi: 10.4314/njtd.v20i1.1292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v20i1.1292

T. Ardriani et al., ‘A DC Microgrid System for Powering Remote Areas’, Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1–15, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020493

F. A. Alturki and E. M. Awwad, ‘Sizing and Cost Minimization of Standalone Hybrid WT/PV/Biomass/Pump-Hydro Storage-Based Energy Systems’, Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020489

Y. F. Nassar et al., ‘Dynamic analysis and sizing optimization of a pumped hydroelectric storage-integrated hybrid PV/Wind system: A case study’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 229, p. 113744, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113744

H. J. El-Khozondar, F. El-batta, R. J. El-Khozondar, Y. Nassar, M. Alramlawi, and S. Alsadi, ‘Standalone hybrid PV/wind/diesel-electric generator system for a COVID-19 quarantine center’, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, vol. 42, no. 3, p. e14049, 2023, doi: 10.1002/ep.14049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.14049

Y.-R. Lee, H.-J. Kim, and M.-K. Kim, ‘Correction: Lee et al. Optimal Operation Scheduling Considering Cycle Aging of Battery Energy Storage Systems on Stochastic Unit Commitments in Microgrids. Energies 2021, 14 , 470’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 6, 2022, Accessed: Aug. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://ideas.repec.org//a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i6p2107-d770661.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062107

R. Kuźniak, A. Pawelec, A. Bartosik, and M. Pawełczyk, ‘Determination of the Electricity Storage Power and Capacity for Cooperation with the Microgrid Implementing the Peak Shaving Strategy in Selected Industrial Enterprises’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 1–20, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134793

Y. Khawaja, I. Qiqieh, J. Alzubi, O. Alzubi, A. Allahham, and D. Giaouris, ‘Design of cost-based sizing and energy management framework for standalone microgrid using reinforcement learning’, Solar Energy, vol. 251, pp. 249–260, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2023.01.027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.01.027

E. Kelly, B. A. Medjo Nouadje, R. H. Tonsie Djiela, P. T. Kapen, G. Tchuen, and R. Tchinda, ‘Off grid PV/Diesel/Wind/Batteries energy system options for the electrification of isolated regions of Chad’, Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 3, p. e13906, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13906

A. M. Abdulmohsen and W. A. Omran, ‘Active/reactive power management in islanded microgrids via multi-agent systems’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 135, p. 107551, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107551

M. Yazdanian and A. Mehrizi-Sani, ‘Distributed Control Techniques in Microgrids’, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2901–2909, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2337838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2337838

P. Ranjbaran, H. Yousefi, G. B. Gharehpetian, and F. R. Astaraei, ‘A review on floating photovoltaic (FPV) power generation units’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 110, pp. 332–347, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.015

E. Ayodele Benjamin.C, A. Agbetuyi, O. Oghorada, K. Ogbeide, A. Awelewa, and A. Afolabi, ‘Reliability assessments of an islanded hybrid PV-diesel-battery system for a typical rural community in Nigeria’, Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 5, p. e01632, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01632

S. A. Shezan et al., ‘Performance analysis of an off-grid wind-PV (photovoltaic)-diesel-battery hybrid energy system feasible for remote areas’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 125, pp. 121–132, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.014

B. Pakkiraiah and G. D. Sukumar, ‘Research Survey on Various MPPT Performance Issues to Improve the Solar PV System Efficiency’, Journal of Solar Energy, vol. 2016, p. e8012432, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1155/2016/8012432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8012432

M. Kamran, M. Mudassar, M. R. Fazal, M. U. Asghar, M. Bilal, and R. Asghar, ‘Implementation of improved Perturb & Observe MPPT technique with confined search space for standalone photovoltaic system’, Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 432–441, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.006

A. Diab, H. Sultan, I. S. Mohamed, O. Kuznetsov, and T. Do, ‘Application of Different Optimization Algorithms for Optimal Sizing of PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery Storage Stand-Alone Hybrid Microgrid’, IEEE Access, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 1–25, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2936656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2936656

A. Khan, F. Jarraya, A. Gastli, L. Ben-Brahim, R. Hamila, and K. Rajashekara, ‘Dual Active Full Bridge Implementation on Typhoon HIL for G2V and V2G Applications’, in 2017 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Belfort, France, Dec. 2017, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/VPPC.2017.8331023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2017.8331023

T. Moldovan, R. Inte, R.-O. Nemes, M. Ruba, and C. Martis, ‘Typhoon HIL Real-Time Validation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor’s Control’, in 2021 9th International Conference on Modern Power Systems (MPS), Jun. 2021, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/MPS52805.2021.9492619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MPS52805.2021.9492619

K. Kaced, C. Larbes, N. Ramzan, M. Bounabi, and Z. elabadine Dahmane, ‘Bat algorithm based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions’, Solar Energy, vol. 158, pp. 490–503, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.063

S. Nasr, M. Petit, M. Iordache, and O. Langlois, ‘Stability of DC micro-grid for urban railway systems’, ijsgce, 2015, doi: 10.12720/sgce.4.3.261-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12720/sgce.4.3.261-268

A. S. Kagilik and A. M. Tawel, ‘Performance Analysis of 14 MW Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System’, Solar Energy and Sustainable Development, vol. 4, no. 1, 637489440000000000, doi: 10.51646/jsesd.v4i1.56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v4i1.58

F. Perez, ‘Control of AC/DC Microgrids with Renewables in the Context of Smart Grids : Including Ancillary Services and Electric Mobility’, 2020.

Y. F. Nassar and A. A. Salem, ‘The reliability of the photovoltaic utilization in southern cities of Libya’, Desalination, vol. 209, no. 1, pp. 86–90, Apr. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.013

A. Elfaqih, ‘Design of photovoltaic system powered a small-scale SWRO desalination plant’, Solar Energy and Sustainable Development, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 12–21, Nov. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v5i1.66

V. Igwemezie, A. Mehmanparast, and A. Kolios, ‘Current trend in offshore wind energy sector and material requirements for fatigue resistance improvement in large wind turbine support structures – A review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 101, pp. 181–196, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.002

A. G. S. Al-Salloomee, S. Khosroabadi, and A. A. A. Albukariat, ‘Study of power management of standalone DC microgrids with battery supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system’, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 12, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp114-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp114-121

M. N. Hussain et al., ‘Micro-Siting of Wind Turbines in an Optimal Wind Farm Area Using Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization Technique’, Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 1–24, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148846

A. M. Alzahrani, M. Zohdy, and B. Yan, ‘An Overview of Optimization Approaches for Operation of Hybrid Distributed Energy Systems with Photovoltaic and Diesel Turbine Generator’, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 191, p. 106877, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106877