Carbon and Energy Life Cycle Analysis of Wind Energy Industry in Libya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v12i1.150Keywords:
Wind energy, Life cycle assessment, Environmental impact, GHG emission factor, LibyaAbstract
By analyzing a wide range of energy, economic, and environmental variables for a variety of attractive locations in Libya, the study established the fundamentals of localizing the wind energy business in Libya. The estimate of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor resulting from the conversion of wind energy into electric energy also includes the quantity of GHG emissions from cement manufacturing and transportation, as well as manufacturing (for various wind turbine manufacturers), sea transportation of wind energy equipment from the site of manufacture to the port of Tripoli, land transportation to the location of the wind energy farm, and calculating the energy and emissions used for recycling recyclable materials and for transportation. Hourly climate data over a 25-year period (1995-2020) were gathered from the SolarGis climate information portal. For many viable wind energy production locations in Libya, the System Advisor Model (SAM) software was used to calculate the productivity of wind farms with a 100 MW capacity. The study's findings showed that the Gamesa turbine, whose capital cost was around (146,916,400 dollars), had the best economic and environmental indices. The GHG emission rates for all the cities that were targeted ranged from 24-63g GHG/kWh. The time needed for carbon to recover ranged from 5.5 to 14.5 months. The expected energy payback time was 14 to 22 months. An LCOE's production costs ranged from 4.8 to 11.1 cents per kWh.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Y. Nassar, K. Aissa and S. Alsadi, “Air Pollution Sources in Libya,” Research &reviews: Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63-79, 2018.
Y. Nassar, H. El- Khozondar, N. Abohamoud, A. Abubaker, A. Ahmed, A. Alsharif and M. Khaleel, “Regression Model for Optimum Solar Collectors’ Tilt Angles in Libya,” in the 8th International Engineering Conference on Renewable Energy & Sustainability (IECRES 2023), Gaza Strip, Palestine, May 8-9, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ieCRES57315.2023.10209547
Y. Nassar and S. Alsadi, “Wind energy potential in Gaza Strip-Palestine state,” Solar Energy and Sustainable Development, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 41-57, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v7i2.40
B. Lei Xua, P. Mingyue, Z. Lixiao, P. Witold-Roger and D. Sheetal, “Life cycle assessment of onshore wind power systems in China,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 132, no. 5, pp. 361-368, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.014
Global wind Energy Council, “Global wind report 2021,” 2021.
A. Teyabeen, F. Akkari, A. Jwaid, A. Zaghwan and R. Abodelah, “Assessment of Wind Energy Potential In Zwara, Libya,” Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 34–49, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v8i2.28
A. Abdalla, W. El-Osta, Y. Nassar, W. Husien, E. Dekam and G. Miskeen, “Estimation of Dynamic Wind Shear Coefficient to Characterize Best Fit of Wind Speed Profiles under Different Conditions of Atmospheric Stability and Terrains for the As,” Applied solar energy, vol. 59, no. 3, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X23600212
A. Jary, M. Elmnifi, Z. Said, L. Habeeb and H. Moria, “Potential wind energy in the cities of the Libyan coast, a feasibility study,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 236-252, 2021.
S. Hasan, A. Guwaeder and W. Gao, “Wind Energy Assessment of the Zawiya Region, in Northwest Libya,” Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 325-331, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2017.96022
M. Abdunnabi, B. Belgasim, M. BenAbead and F. Mohamed, “Performance analysis of solar heat generation system for multi-purpose applications,” in the 11th international Renewable Energy congress (IREC), 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IREC48820.2020.9310438
O. Mohamed and S. Masood, “A brief overview of solar and wind energy in Libya: Current trends and the future development,” in International Conference on Mechanical, Materials and Renewable Energy, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012136
Y. Nassar, M. Abdunnabi, M. Sbeta, A. Hafez, K. Amer, A. Ahmed and B. Belgasim, “Dynamic analysis and sizing optimization of a pumped hydroelectric storage-integrated hybrid PV/Wind system: A case study,” Energy conversion and management, pp. 1-17, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113744
Y. Nassar, I. Mangir, A. Hafez, H. El-Khozondar, M. Salem and H. Awad, “Feasibility of innovative topography-based hybrid renewable electrical power system: A case study,” Cleaner Engineering and Technology, vol. 14, p. 100650, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100650
M. E lmnifi, A. Omran, M. Almosmary and R. Rahel, “Biofuel Production from Animal Waste in Northeastern of Libya: Experimental and Simulation Investigations,” Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 67 - 81, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.1(65).07
Ozsahin, B., Elginoz, N. & Germirli Babuna, F. Life cycle assessment of a wind farm in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 71000–71013 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20783-0
J. An, Z. Zou, G. Chen, Y. Sun, L. L. L. and L. Zheng, “An IoT-based life cycle assessment platform of wind turbines,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 1233, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041233
A. Bonou, A. Laurent and S. Olsen, “Life cycle assessment of onshore and offshore wind energy-from theory to application,” Applied Energy, vol. 180, no. 15, pp. 327-337, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.058
V. Mukoro, A. Gallego-Schmid and M. Sharmina, “Life cycle assessment of renewable energy in Africa,” Sustainable Production and Consumption, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1314-1332, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.08.006
W. El-Osta, and Y. Kalifa. “Prospects of Wind Power Plants in Libya: A Case Study.”, Renewable Energy vol. 28, no.3 (2003): 363–371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00051-4
K. Oebels and S. Pacca, “Life cycle assessment of an onshore wind farm located at the northeastern coast of Brazil,” Renewable Energy, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 60-70, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.10.026
C. Jung and D. Schindler, “Modeling wind turbine-related greenhouse gas payback times in Europe at high spatial resolution,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 234, no. 9, p. 114334, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114334
L. Dammeier, J. Loriaux, Z. Steinmann, D. Smits, I. Wijnant, B. Hurk and H. M., “Space, Time, and Size Dependencies of Greenhouse Gas Payback Times of Wind Turbines in Northwestern Europe,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 53, p. 9289−9297, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01030
Y. Feng and L. Zhang, “The GHG Intensities of Wind Power Plants in China from a Life-Cycle Perspective: The Impacts of Geographical Location, Turbine Technology and Management Level,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 4449, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054449
M. Dale, “A Comparative Analysis of Energy Costs of Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal, and Wind Electricity Generation Technologies”, Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 325-337, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app3020325
H. Raadala, L. Gagnonb, I. Modahla and O. Hanssena, “Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the generation of wind and,” 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.05.001
R. Crawford, “Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind turbines and the effect of size on energy yield,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2653-2660, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.008
B. Tremeac and F. Meunier, “Life cycle analysis of 4.5MW and 250W wind turbines,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 2104-2110, 2009.
R. Bhandari, B. Kumar, and F. Mayer, “Life cycle greenhouse gas emission from wind farms in reference to turbine sizes and capacity factors,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 277, no. 12, p. 123385, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123385
A.Vargas, E. Zenón, U. Oswald, J. Islas, L. Güereca, and F. Manzini, “Life cycle assessment: A case study of two wind turbines used in Mexico,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 75, pp. 1210-1216, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.056
J. Henao and D. Vivanco, “Hybrid life cycle assessment of an onshore wind farm including direct and indirect services: A case study in Guajira, Colombia,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 284, no. 4, p. 112058, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112058
B. Guezuraga, R. Zauner and W. Pölz, “Life cycle assessment of two different 2 MW class wind turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 37-44, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.008
C. Marimuthu and V. Kirubakaran, “Carbon payback period for solar and wind energy project installed in India: a critical review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy reviews, vol. 23, p. 80–90, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.045
M. Rajaei and J. Tinjum, “Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Balance and Emissions of a Wind Energy Plant,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 31, p. 1663–1670, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9637-3
S. Verma, A. Paul, and N. Haque, “Selected Environmental Impact Indicators Assessment of Wind Energy in India Using a Life Cycle Assessment,” Renewable Energy, vol. 83, no.11, pp. 1227-1233, 2015.
S. Al-Behadili, and W. El-Osta, “Life Cycle Assessment of Dernah (Libya) wind farm,” 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.05.041
Q. Li, H. Duan, M. Xie, P. Kang, Y. Ma, R. Zhong, T. Gao, W. Zhong, B. Wen, F. Ba and A. Vuppaladadiyam, “Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of a 40 MW wind farm with consideration of the infrastructure,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 138, no. 3, p.110499, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110499
A. Elmariami, W. El-Osta, Y. Nassar, Y. Khalifa and M. Efleet, “Life cycle assessment of 20MW wind farm in libya,” Applied Solar Energy, vol. 59, no. 1, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X22601557
Y. F. Nassar, S. Y. Alsadi, H. J. El-Khozondar, M. S. Ismail, M. Al-Maghalseh, T. Khatib, J.A.Sa’ed, M.H. Mushtaha, and T. Djerafi “Design of an isolated renewable hybrid energy system: a case study,” Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, p. 225240, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-022-00216-1
Y. Nassar and S. Alsadi, “Assessment of solar energy potential in Gaza Strip-Palestine,” Sustainable energy technologies and assessments, vol. 31, pp. 318-328, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.12.010
B. B Tremeac, and F. Meunier, “Life cycle analysis of 4.5MW and 250W wind turbines”, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.001
E. Aisbl, “Metal Recycling Factsheet,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https:// circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/euric_metal_recycling_factsheet.pdf.
K. Tota-Maharaj. and A. McMahon, “Resource and waste quantification scenarios for wind turbine,” 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-020-00057-6
A. M’baye, “Energy Performance Management in an Industrial Site: Definition and Application of a Specific Methodology for Carbon Emissions Reduction”, Low Carbon Economy, vol. 13, no. 3, pp.148-162, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/lce.2022.133008
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
